❖ NASA's GOLD mission discovered surprising X- and C-shaped formations.

❖ These shapes are usually observed during geomagnetic disturbances, appeared even in the absence of such events, confounding experts.

❖ The ionosphere of Earth is a layer of electrically charged gas that is essential for long-distance radio transmission.

❖ GOLD is a satellite that was launched in October 2018 and is orbiting over the Western Hemisphere to measure temperatures and ionospheric densities