❖ Researchers discovered have discovered meter-high white salt chimneys on the floor of the Dead Sea.

❖ These chimneys are formed by the expulsion of hypersaline fluid from the lake floors.

❖ They are formed by the spontaneous crystallization of minerals when the groundwater with an extremely high salt content flows up out of the lake floor.

❖ The most famous black smokers found along the mid-ocean ridges and the tufa towers of Mono Lake.